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so

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hello i'm lynn bondurant and this is the

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second show of our four-part moonwalk

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series today's program is called

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adapting to a space environment

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as a title suggests this episode shows

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procedures apollo operators used in

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order to make sure the astronauts would

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be able to survive in outer space

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this show explains the function of the

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different stages of the moon rocket how

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the stages separate and what becomes of

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them

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we pick up the moonwalk story by looking

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back at some old classic space films

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that were a hollywood perspective on

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future space travel

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for most people a trip to the planets

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was easy all you needed was a 10 cent

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charge your speed to one half

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what was that i don't know

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there's two killer kane's ships coming

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so

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oh

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what science fiction in the childhood of

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the space age

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could have guessed the shape of reality

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the saturn v rocket

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three stages

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28 stories tall

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with 11 engines as powerful as all the

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waterfalls in north america

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combined years in the planning months in

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the building and testing the saturn

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first stage lived but two minutes 41

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11 houston thrusters go all engines

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you're looking good

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all right you're loud and clear

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two minutes 41 seconds time to throw

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apollo 40 miles up into the sky and then

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an empty shell

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neil armstrong confirming both the

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engine skirt separation and the launch

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gave us a magnificent ride

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all right you're 11 we'll pass that on

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and it certainly looks like you're well

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11 houston uh your guidance is converged

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you're looking good

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downrange 140 miles altitude 62 miles

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velocity mission control in houston

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texas had taken over from launch control

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of cape kennedy for the duration of the

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eight day mission

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the complicated technology of apollo

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saturn

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evolved from an ingeniously simple

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concept

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lunar orbit rendezvous

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this requires a rocket made in many

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pieces that discards the useless weight

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of each piece when its function is

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completed the flight began with a

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vertical lift through the heavy lower

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atmosphere and a tilt to the east at six

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thousand miles per hour the empty first

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stage is discarded to save weight so is

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an adapter ring and the unused escape

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tower with the second stage firing it

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reaches 15 000 miles per hour when it

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the third stage places apollo in earth

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orbit at 17 400 miles per hour

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when the spacecraft has been thoroughly

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checked out by the crew the third stage

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fires again its speed now tearing it

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while coasting outward the command

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service module separates and docks for

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access to the lunar module

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apollo loses speed throughout nine

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tenths of its journey until the moon's

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gravity overcomes the pull of earth

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apollo fires in reverse direction

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slowing down enough to be captured in

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orbit about the moon

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armstrong and aldrin enter the lunar

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module eagle which separates

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leaving collins in the command service

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eagle slows still more and breaks to a

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after the moon walk the upper stage of

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the eagle lifts off

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leaving behind the now useless landing

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stage

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and swings into orbit to dock with

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when the crew and moon samples are

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transferred to the command service

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module

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out of lunar orbit and falls back to

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as it approaches the re-entry speed of

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nearly 25 000 miles per hour the service

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module drops away

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the command module plunges into the

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atmosphere protected by its heat shield

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slowed still more by the heavy lower

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atmosphere it parachutes into the sea

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the command module colombia is all that

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remains of the original 3000 tons of

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apollo 11 this is houston over

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while in earth orbit the apollo crew had

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less than two hours to check out all

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their spacecraft systems

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the last chance to discover and correct

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any malfunction before the third stage

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engine is restarted to break them free

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of earth

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the translunar injection

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we're 10 minutes away from ignition on

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translunar injection

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apollo 11 this is houston you are go for

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11. thank you

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roger out

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all alone this is houston

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slightly less than one minute to

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ignition and everything is go

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roger

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we confirm ignition and the thrust is go

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follow

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guidance looking good velocity 26 000

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telemetry and radar tracking both solid

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velocity 27

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800 feet per second

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through the window of the command module

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this is houston thrust is good

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29 000 feet per second building up

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toward 30 000 feet per second

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apollo 11 this is houston around three

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and a half minutes you're still looking

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good your predicted cutoff is right on

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the nominal

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deep space tracking antennas a third of

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a world apart

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listened to apollo and spoke to apollo

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as the earth turned at least one of them

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would have contact with apollo at all

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times except when it passed behind the

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moon

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35 000 feet per

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second cut off

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we're showing velocity 35 570 feet per

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second

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altitude 177

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at three hours 11 minutes into the

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mission

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distance from earth

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the s4b is reported in a stable attitude

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for this separation

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apollo 11 this is houston uh your goal

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for separation

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okay

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my intent is to use the bottle primary

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one is for the checklist therefore i

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we're awaiting confirmation of

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we confirm the separation here on the

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apollo 11 this is houston radio check

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the goldstone station reports a very

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weak signal

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we believe that uh mike collins is now

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maneuvering with the spacecraft uh

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in the transposition and docking

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maneuver and the antenna patterns aren't

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too good at the moment so we have a weak

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the command service module separated and

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turned around to dock with eagle the

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houston how do you read

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apollo 11 this is houston radio check

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all right we're copying you about uh

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five by two very weak can you give us a

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loud and clear now mike and we

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understand that you are a doc that's

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apollo 11 houston we recommend you

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accept the 949 continue through your

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sequence of sightings and then we'll

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analyze the data afterwards over

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okay

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on board was a fourth brain a small

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computer called diskey which solved

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problems and helped with a long sequence

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of systems checks and data exchange with

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earth

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houston apollo 11 the star 40 has just

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disappeared down in the section could be

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trunnion angle 47 something a little

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high

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hello apollo 11 houston uh we'd like you

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to press on the star 44 over

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yeah

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they found their way across the sea of

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space

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navigating by the same stars that guided

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columbus to shores

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unknown eleven houston we copied two

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good marks over

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okay drug removal is coming next

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three days falling to the moon

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free of the gravity of earth

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no up or down

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no day or night

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a sense of stillness

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while traveling at the speed of a meteor

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about how long it will be before you

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start

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closing the limb back up over

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an invisible speck in the night

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somewhere between here and there

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within this tiny spacecraft a temporary

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earth environment

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warmth air food water

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everything necessary to sustain life

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nothingness

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absolute cold

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the most important function of the

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spacecraft life

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was also monitored constantly through

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telemetry the heartbeat and breathing of

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each astronaut

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although each breath was 30 000 feet

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farther from earth than the breath

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before it

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should one heart flutter it would at

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once be a matter of concern to millions

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worlds away

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unlike any other place man had traveled

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before

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space could provide him with nothing

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it is a vacuum devoid of every element

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needed for life

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to send man into this nothingness to

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protect him it was first necessary to

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define him

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what is the human machine

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how does it function

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what is the nature of its nervous system

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its respiration

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its circulation

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sight

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hearing

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its endurance

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what gases to breathe should he take

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with him from earth

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is it possible to give him a more

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efficient atmosphere for space travel

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the moon is 250 degrees hot in sunlight

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and 240 degrees below zero in the middle

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of its night

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how long can a man bake

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or freeze

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what protection will he need from this

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what strains will the heart take when

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the pressure of gravity is removed from

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what protection will the body need from

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sudden deceleration

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man's sense of direction speed and

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balance are easily fooled

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can his mind be trained to ignore false

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so

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we were defining the physical man in

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once we knew man's limitations we could

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build him an artificial environment for

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colombia the command module

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was a supreme achievement of the

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technology of its age

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it was a mini planet

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complete with its own environmental

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control system

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telecommunications electrical power

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guidance navigation

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stabilization

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propulsion

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reaction control

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it provided hot and cold water

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and removed carbon dioxide from the air

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three men could live here for more than

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a week

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eat work sleep shave exercise and listen

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to music

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it was micro media proof

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burn proof and seaworthy and it could

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tilt itself in any direction

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in short it was the most intricate and

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sophisticated machine

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ever made by man

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as for man however

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we're stuck with the original model

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all we can do is add an outer layer of

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things he does not naturally have

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space medicine showed us where man is

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vulnerable and we learn to compensate

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for most of the weaknesses with

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i

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and

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the fact is i was an experienced sewer

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but i had to learn

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all over again because uh

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it was completely different from what i

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00:21:00,070 --> 00:20:56,880
had so before this was getting right

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down to a 64th of an inch and where i'd

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say before you just sewed on a

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production line

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and this here is uh

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quality more than quantity like we

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always think our job is the hardest

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whatever we're doing we got the hardest

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job but when they say well go there and

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maybe do sell himself well you'll find

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out that job is harder than yours and

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then a lot of times we're sewing

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or making things and maybe the girl next

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to you she's doing the same thing but we

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00:21:28,870 --> 00:21:26,559
never see the suit put together one

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00:21:29,990 --> 00:21:28,880
don't know where the this part goes or

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the other one don't know where the other

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part goes

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like the gloves

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if they would give you a glove to sew

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you wouldn't know where to start

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well when they're up there in space you

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know what parts you've worked on and you

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just say well i hope that part don't

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fail because i feel it was my fault if

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it did my sentiment just what hazel said

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well i just wondered if my pair of

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gloves was what he had on if you make a

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mistake then

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if you don't admit it you have to think

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about the astronaut too

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if you make a

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uh like a

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needle hole in the flat or something

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00:22:08,789 --> 00:22:07,360
like that well if you don't admit that

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that would be on your conscience all the

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time seems to me because remember

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armstrong all them used to come in

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and uh they would look around and see

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what we were doing and once while they

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talked to us and signed their own we'd

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get them to sign their autograph

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somehow i'm a real comical

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we got a kick out them

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we all want to talk to them again

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i mean when i'm going down the others

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everybody looked down looked down afraid

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to talk i was high buddy

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oh i'd love to go into space i think

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would be really thrilling just to get in

353
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there and just blast dog

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i love to go to space and just live

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there

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every day you get up you come to work

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you go home you clean house if we go out

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there there's no house no kids no

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problem

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i like to ride an airplane and i think

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i'd like to go into space and i'd like

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to wear our own suit that we make i

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so

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after body electrodes have been attached

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to monitor heartbeat and breathing the

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first items of clothing are the water

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a spacesuit is basically a sealed bag of

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atmosphere a stiffened balloon

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pumped up to counteract the vacuum of

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space it might be called a one-man

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spaceship of the smallest possible

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dimensions

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the pressure suit has to guard against

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extreme temperatures hard radiation from

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the sun and tiny meteorites

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yet it must have the flexibility to

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allow man to function as he would in his

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so

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the backpack cleans and cools the suits

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00:25:24,149 --> 00:25:22,159
oxygen cools and circulates water

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through the water-cooled underwear and

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over the pressure helmet is a clear

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00:25:37,029 --> 00:25:33,520
visor

384
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against micro meteors and solar

385
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the final test was

386
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how would the suit work in the silent

387
00:26:12,149 --> 00:26:09,750
weightlessness on earth can be

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00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:12,159
experienced only underwater

389
00:26:37,510 --> 00:26:14,400
or in an airplane following a parabolic

390
00:26:37,520 --> 00:27:09,029
the only true test was in space itself

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00:27:09,039 --> 00:27:33,269
so

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no up or down

393
00:27:39,110 --> 00:27:36,880
no day or night

394
00:27:41,190 --> 00:27:39,120
only the slow creeping of the harsh

395
00:27:43,350 --> 00:27:41,200
sunlight through the windows

396
00:27:45,990 --> 00:27:43,360
as the spacecraft rotates to keep from

397
00:27:54,230 --> 00:27:46,000
getting too hot on one side too cold on

398
00:27:58,870 --> 00:27:55,990
they carried with them the biological

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00:28:04,149 --> 00:27:58,880
day of the earthling three meals a snack

400
00:28:08,630 --> 00:28:05,750
time to work

401
00:28:13,269 --> 00:28:08,640
time to relax

402
00:28:16,389 --> 00:28:14,950
three days

403
00:28:20,070 --> 00:28:16,399
falling upward

404
00:28:23,350 --> 00:28:22,149
now the stage is set for man to venture

405
00:28:25,430 --> 00:28:23,360
onto the moon

406
00:28:26,870 --> 00:28:25,440
the many space simulations prove to be

407
00:28:28,630 --> 00:28:26,880
most effective

408
00:28:31,430 --> 00:28:28,640
now it is time to take the knowledge

409
00:28:33,430 --> 00:28:31,440
gained from these tests out into space

410
00:28:35,269 --> 00:28:33,440
and this is exactly what happens in next

411
00:28:37,269 --> 00:28:35,279
week's program called